Ruptura de la simetría quiral en cristales de NaClO3 como modelo para el estudio de la homoquiralidad biológica
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Los seres vivos están constituidos por moléculas quirales. En ausencia de influencias asimétricas, las reacciones químicas que producen moléculas quirales generan proporciones estadísticamente equivalentes de los enantiómeros izquierdo y derecho (estado racémico). Sin embargo, los sistemas biológicos muestran una marcada preferencia por uno de los enantiómeros. El caso paradigmático es el uso predominante de aminoácidos levógiros (L) en la síntesis de proteínas y de azúcares pentosas dextrógiras (D) en la síntesis de ácidos nucleicos (DNA y RNA). Los mecanismos de cristalización asimétrica del clorato de sodio (NaClO3) constituyen un modelo experimental para estudiar el posible origen de esta asimetría molecular y su relevancia para los sistemas biológicos. En el presente artículo revisamos los mecanismos responsables de la formación de cristales quirales de NaClO3, incluyendo los procesos de amplificación y desracemización, así como sus posibles aplicaciones en la obtención de compuestos enantioméricamente puros. Asimismo, analizamos la relación entre la asimetría observada en estos sistemas inorgánicos y la homoquiralidad bio- lógica. Finalmente, discutimos la hipótesis de que procesos de cristalización asimétrica pudieron ocurrir en la Tierra prebiótica e influir en la dinámica molecular asociada con el origen de la vida. Concluimos que los sistemas basados en NaClO3 constituyen un modelo útil para comprender los mecanismos físicos capaces de generar y amplificar asimetrías quirales a partir de condiciones inicialmente simétricas.
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